Facebook Old Generated URLs Still Vulnerable to Open Redirect Attacks & A New Open Redirect Web Security Bugs

Posted on by ITMATHFAN

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Facebook Old Generated URLs Still Vulnerable to Open Redirect Attacks & A New Open Redirect Web Security Bugs




Domain:
http://www.facebook.com



“Facebook is an online social networking service headquartered in Menlo Park, California. Its website was launched on February 4, 2004, by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates and fellow Harvard University students Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes. The founders had initially limited the website’s membership to Harvard students, but later expanded it to colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League, and Stanford University. It gradually added support for students at various other universities and later to high-school students. Since 2006, anyone who is at least 13 years old is allowed to become a registered user of the website, though the age requirement may be higher depending on applicable local laws. Its name comes from a colloquialism for the directory given to it by American universities students.” (Wikipedia)



“Facebook had over 1.44 billion monthly active users as of March 2015.Because of the large volume of data users submit to the service, Facebook has come under scrutiny for their privacy policies. Facebook, Inc. held its initial public offering in February 2012 and began selling stock to the public three months later, reaching an original peak market capitalization of $104 billion. As of February 2015 Facebook reached a market capitalization of $212 Billion.” (Wikipedia)





Discover:
Wang Jing, Division of Mathematical Sciences (MAS), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. (@justqdjing)
http://www.tetraph.com/wangjing/

 



(1) General Vulnerabilities Description:

(1.1) Two Facebook vulnerabilities are introduced in this article.

Facebook has a computer cyber security bug problem. It can be exploited by Open Redirect attacks. This could allow a user to create a specially crafted URL, that if clicked, would redirect a victim from the intended legitimate web site to an arbitrary web site of the attacker’s choosing. Such attacks are useful as the crafted URL initially appear to be a web page of a trusted site. This could be leveraged to direct an unsuspecting user to a web page containing attacks that target client side software such as a web browser or document rendering programs.


Since Facebook is trusted by large numbers of other websites. Those vulnerabilities can be used to do “Covert Redirect” to other websites such as Amazon, eBay, Go-daddy, Yahoo, 163, Mail.ru etc.

 

(1.1.1)

One Facebook Open Redirect vulnerability was reported to Facebook. Facebook adopted a new mechanism to patch it. Though the reported URL redirection vulnerabilities are patched. However, all old generated URLs are still vulnerable to the attacks. Section (2) gives detail of it.

The reason may be related to Facebook’s third-party interaction system or database management system or both. Another reason may be related to Facebook’s design for different kind of browsers.

 

(1.1.2) Another new Open Redirect vulnerability related to Facebook is introduced, too. For reference, please read section (3).

The vulnerabilities can be attacked without user login. Tests were performed on IE (9.0) of Windows 8, Firefox (24.0) & Google Chromium 30.0.1599.114 ubuntu0.14.04.1.1064 (64-bit) of Ubuntu (12.10)，Safari 6.1.6 of Mac OS X Lion 10.7.



(1.2) Facebook’s URL Redirection System Related to “*.php” Files

All URLs’ redirection are based on several files, such l.php, a.php, landing.php and so on.

The main redirection are based on file “l.php” (Almost all redirection links are using it right now).

For file “l.php”, one parameter “h” is used for authentication. When it mentions to file “a.php”, parameter “eid” is used for authentication. All those two files use parameter “u” for the url redirected to. In some other files such as “landing.php”, parameters such as “url”, “next” are used.

<1>For parameter “h”, two forms of authentication are used.

<a>h=HAQHyinFq

<b>h=hAQHalW1CAQHrkVIQNNqgwhxRWLNsFVeH3auuImlbR1CgKA

<2>For parameter “eid”, one form of authentication is used.

<a>eid=AQLP8sRq6lbU0jz0lARx9A9uetB6FIF1N2-Yjj_ePj0d_ezubjstZeDo6qDsalKVJwy6uDb_hQ-9tBsA2dVoQRq0lniOu0os_gPe3gY5l8lYblhQSwBtdvgjXjNqaxLZMYoasr3vv46tFsh1fL7q4kjT2LFw52dnJWd4SE8qc0YuPWfgPeQywgM2wl0CoW-lftWkr2dX0dLcytyHjXnvhKfVS_pQBllszUzsPENxE6EuZ-53Lh188o56idnfyyk2L58pE7C94PF-za4ZVB0qbuA2EnPcSJI-7oIiIJmIhifHe0CYTzG512-Z_heN44VlyJHevhS9auAR8-lFCAIlYymnT_Qiwp92RxjNOfBypBvszQUrvB6PH3fANn1prfMBVm4RD_GFel14KVDS5USswbTOTkL3sZNhHUqqPHwBwU3JFePMMuwsfesigH85B_AxCsXUIWN7klKGSq8bPPsKSHttsa9hkkMpSfRKL7D_xwW4dU2xlmfGWil7jYRJmwfbOeF0zujk1FRBuM757tbfFMav-J-K9npbdrDrCuUVqV__Tf7CGZ89nPl-M2d09pE9enJj0OBXOaSXZX16LKaYnv1Wh4GKme7C-EOunITxyQtp1zy-48Uaz9mxO2x4bw7sBDfzDStF_Al8_0SMjWNTh-J38rBHAgT96X-dPFI43HU3x3fVymE9szrclBpvTaSfYezatgMzf77s3lQrQAMSlwSSRIzRuoFvQBmWKT0T5ZFgH5ykhYKhNMiKj577UO5g2Ojm-_-KKF4N_DBuG5R-I6EOSlhok2xUkpKVDnDcxZFTLxGmx5xc56J5kZLjJ96wnF2fH09Q19Qc2aU3xYFlEFrKjrlLpwGyOyCDx7_z7y1O4Efqew3Fa0Cb9s6Kk2jpLF5XEIaYzzXOLAffxXG6icBJVovb9RPmiZ5s9dKYYotLol68_X04O05bEvVccPEh-IQwX_VTMt3f23be2MECEqR2l1A1ZkJx4qP00GI1pZhU_CXAnjSaTNmtaINRUeSsLNEZZsPwpWJMfeeGSwuof9krC05eSWjO0jH9tua0KteMYhj8i-3dwSBp4f7nMcFwH5ltfCLhMCYNB8rxgzcAczyhLIo2UY-3FSaJXBZ0lvuZBvnj7myUnyc2lCcy-fWh93MRRaJrrinjtfr9fDSMHM9Cja5xi0eG3Vs0aClnWbeJZA79TvmYt7E53HfwGuv5-EJOqRh3cwZF-53uPHA73ikUk3xTApjQunJM4uIBhpy7iBIgn_OXXo3X03YUJtJcDuC20ocJbZ310VHliox5tYZF2oiMaOfgo9Y9KeqgsrJgwPCJeif4aB0Ne4g_oM_Tuqt2pXbdgoCawHIApF087eFKJqejp0jpEkJerXPyK-IqsD_SQfIm_2WJSkzwzATwQKs

 

 

 


(2) Vulnerability Description 1:

(2.1) A security researcher reported two Open Redirect vulnerabilities to Facebook in 2013. The following are the two links reported.

Though a new mechanism was adopted. However, all old generated redirections still work by parameter “h” and “eid”.

 

 

(2.2) A website was used for the following tests. The website is “http://www.tetraph.com/“. Suppose this website is malicious.

(2.2.1)

<1>First test

<a>file: “l.php”

<b>URL parameter: “u”

<c>authentication parameter: “h”

<d>form: “h=HAQHyinFq”.

<e>The authentication has no relation with all other parameters, such as “s”.

Examples:

URL 1:

Redirect Forbidden:

Redirect Works:

 

URL 2:

Redirect Forbidden:

Redirect Works:

 

 

(2.2.2)

<2>Second test. It is the same situation as above.

<a>file: “l.php”,

<b>url parameter “u”

<c>authentication parameter: “h”

<d>form: “h=hAQHalW1CAQHrkVIQNNqgwhxRWLNsFVeH3auuImlbR1CgKA”.

<e>The authentication has no relation to all other parameters, such as “env”, “s”.

 

Examples:

URL 1:

Redirect Forbidden:

 

URL 2:

Redirect Forbidden:

Redirect Works:

 

 

 

(3) Facebook File “a.php” Open Redirect Security Vulnerability

 

(3.1)

<a>file: “a.php”

<b>parameter “u”

<c> authentication parameter: “eid”

<d> form: “eid=5967147530925355409.6013336879369.AQKBG5nt468YgKeiSdgExZQRjwGb9r6EOu-Uc5WPvi-EVHEzadq8YSrgSvUzbMmxKPPfTgM-JrPff7tN38luc-8h16lxL0Gj_4qs1-58yWgXirMH4AEf8sOEsZc5DTx7yFndgODvD5NrC-314BIj4pZvMhlljXv89lHRH6pBgyGGVm-oWBDIF8CuRER1f5ZGbKdsiUcBISdWTninVzvBdW1mZY0SWzqT21fZmhgVKtdkRf5l_pag7hAmotFK9HI5XHfGicWVqzRyTNiDIYjyVjTv4km2FOEp7WP3w65aVUKP_w”.

<e>The authentication has no relation to all other parameters, such as “mac”, “_tn_”.

Examples:

Vulnerable URL:

https://www.facebook.com/a.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Ffb-nym.adnxs.com%2Ffclick%3Fclickenc%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fbs.serving-sys.com%252FBurstingPipe%252FadServer.bs%253Fcn%253Dtf%2526c%253D20%2526mc%253Dclick%2526pli%253D8782431%2526PluID%253D0%2526ord%253D%257BCACHEBUSTER%257D%26cp%3D%253Fdi%253DzGxX6INl-T9QvRSibN_3P5qZmZmZmfk_UL0Uomzf9z_ObFfog2X5P_WPPCuD-to_CKEeLew3cQIQkc9SAAAAAHQcDQB2BQAAKAcAAAIAAAD4iq8AanMCAAAAAQBVU0QAVVNEAGMASABq4DoFka4BAgUCAQUAAIgAkinLswAAAAA.%252Fcnd%253D%252521qQYdPgjeqqYBEPiVvgUY6uYJIAA.%252Freferrer%253Dfacebook.com%252F&mac=AQJllyaGzLYoRoQz&__tn__=%2AB&eid=5967147530925355409.6013336879369.AQKBG5nt468YgKeiSdgExZQRjwGb9r6EOu-Uc5WPvi-EVHEzadq8YSrgSvUzbMmxKPPfTgM-JrPff7tN38luc-8h16lxL0Gj_4qs1-58yWgXirMH4AEf8sOEsZc5DTx7yFndgODvD5NrC-314BIj4pZvMhlljXv89lHRH6pBgyGGVm-oWBDIF8CuRER1f5ZGbKdsiUcBISdWTninVzvBdW1mZY0SWzqT21fZmhgVKtdkRf5l_pag7hAmotFK9HI5XHfGicWVqzRyTNiDIYjyVjTv4km2FOEp7WP3w65aVUKP_w

POC:

 

(3.2) Facebook Login Page Covert Redirect Security Vulnerability

Vulnerable URL Related to Login.php Based on a.php:

https://www.facebook.com/login.php?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fa.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.rp.edu.sg%252Fopenhouse2014%252F%253Futm_source%253Dfacebook%2526utm_medium%253Dcpc%2526utm_campaign%253Dopenhouse2014%26mac%3DAQKyRHClixA20iGL%26__tn__%3D%252AB%26eid%3DAQLAHC7szSXhT3FaEBXe5YFsOC0kEM4nN9PlVovdilvuzROStFXoYqptlKpcJAzHNTLpxWAIrmJYsR6RVG_Htk6pgT7Iol6lWHDJvn7Cg5sqigvE_eVS895Eh6fSwxH3fgfWcNDrEl5_lFgRbrJtC71R68rW_VXS9QCN7Po9wTWDnbyZTaXawdrdQyibryvA56Spr5GcUDUboRFxy8YSr2ahUV_goDAQA3OKmCACEn8CmyMrOT5gZq3iwusysdchRxLIv5N82-GMTiDxXXgkDYf1P7XwvklWpfy_cEItZzV5v0P7fRZB3qiq_RDx9jhEzndlJhUJL2aWE0ldPmGKGz9xWyvPaPLOwzBo23GQbpj2ZN_tw9B9tz2l3tGIN1yegd_Wf6PSFIZOuBXfZILvmILcxg3qz4dHx1fmgPZBpf_34mPnMEkgZqbT2WeV_GZKz8RDIg88D3vrmwyMwWxeh3xyGuddjZUjOUjPCUwrgSrWZK3XHRA7TA7tWIsQ4X1bsjx9c72mm8bZmmRBRJwqOcjsW0QEVETs_Cs9pS9QBkgX8yVPJCHuk1v_xkj4EHHH9sNP7a4GRs8olklBTKhCcJ908sVrQVT2I-cQYw2SVU9hWaWWjX2AGt3WpdT2kx6SIPoPQpX5cIC4Lcfaa7EcZFBnoQPv3mR5BNHRFTh_6Qvr01BrCG3Fv5VeDeXhM8cHk6VuBtj5smz0ZeGT5JWvub5ORJ4xzVN0zAW8V4qiKiVFKTEFMZASaZFon41VFCbhxkX0Bi62Ko64PY6uP64tCMWh6yX2o0JMc0mJWFJRp1695OCKgLXf0udRyWDESTyYgJXIlxecCmlwCEbleAsE-wtDXNOfDTXOzApr1sZO_58FBRaw-K4Z2VRXLir5mrdXTKnM1Y4rDDqGZur9G7LfuXrCr5oR1J5LJ8sVupHqsiN7-UqdakiEEIBq750KxVjaAdCyqJp_5EJ-yVMK3f2pMX7cQ2Lw6u434hHimuLN9VDPLkpSiMlPOa8RkarDSred73IfQiv-PluegYDfunZFxj1KvcAlzhVZsL-a52hJmXrOrzKuV0hyZaBLtAIo6AEoXXV30D-6iraSUphkOFzYt3ah6oRrmXLQZKm2E8Cuag5d_rAnwvIr98dn4OSa8Z4MCZemI3uH8cjxr86aE046uTA_Hm1GjYM5l7wkpHknHI8QR2q5Cioo2h6WiUO-jsIFkQ4XFgAd5IUCcAbQukXdC4GJzl18iaN8wkylsTk8aVBn6G1xZadSL0b5R3NgsYfQUVtV0g9slnOLNkgq0NLMAk0kWFs

POC:

https://www.facebook.com/login.php?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fa.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.stackoverflow.com%26mac%3DAQKyRHClixA20iGL%26__tn__%3D%252AB%26eid%3DAQLAHC7szSXhT3FaEBXe5YFsOC0kEM4nN9PlVovdilvuzROStFXoYqptlKpcJAzHNTLpxWAIrmJYsR6RVG_Htk6pgT7Iol6lWHDJvn7Cg5sqigvE_eVS895Eh6fSwxH3fgfWcNDrEl5_lFgRbrJtC71R68rW_VXS9QCN7Po9wTWDnbyZTaXawdrdQyibryvA56Spr5GcUDUboRFxy8YSr2ahUV_goDAQA3OKmCACEn8CmyMrOT5gZq3iwusysdchRxLIv5N82-GMTiDxXXgkDYf1P7XwvklWpfy_cEItZzV5v0P7fRZB3qiq_RDx9jhEzndlJhUJL2aWE0ldPmGKGz9xWyvPaPLOwzBo23GQbpj2ZN_tw9B9tz2l3tGIN1yegd_Wf6PSFIZOuBXfZILvmILcxg3qz4dHx1fmgPZBpf_34mPnMEkgZqbT2WeV_GZKz8RDIg88D3vrmwyMwWxeh3xyGuddjZUjOUjPCUwrgSrWZK3XHRA7TA7tWIsQ4X1bsjx9c72mm8bZmmRBRJwqOcjsW0QEVETs_Cs9pS9QBkgX8yVPJCHuk1v_xkj4EHHH9sNP7a4GRs8olklBTKhCcJ908sVrQVT2I-cQYw2SVU9hWaWWjX2AGt3WpdT2kx6SIPoPQpX5cIC4Lcfaa7EcZFBnoQPv3mR5BNHRFTh_6Qvr01BrCG3Fv5VeDeXhM8cHk6VuBtj5smz0ZeGT5JWvub5ORJ4xzVN0zAW8V4qiKiVFKTEFMZASaZFon41VFCbhxkX0Bi62Ko64PY6uP64tCMWh6yX2o0JMc0mJWFJRp1695OCKgLXf0udRyWDESTyYgJXIlxecCmlwCEbleAsE-wtDXNOfDTXOzApr1sZO_58FBRaw-K4Z2VRXLir5mrdXTKnM1Y4rDDqGZur9G7LfuXrCr5oR1J5LJ8sVupHqsiN7-UqdakiEEIBq750KxVjaAdCyqJp_5EJ-yVMK3f2pMX7cQ2Lw6u434hHimuLN9VDPLkpSiMlPOa8RkarDSred73IfQiv-PluegYDfunZFxj1KvcAlzhVZsL-a52hJmXrOrzKuV0hyZaBLtAIo6AEoXXV30D-6iraSUphkOFzYt3ah6oRrmXLQZKm2E8Cuag5d_rAnwvIr98dn4OSa8Z4MCZemI3uH8cjxr86aE046uTA_Hm1GjYM5l7wkpHknHI8QR2q5Cioo2h6WiUO-jsIFkQ4XFgAd5IUCcAbQukXdC4GJzl18iaN8wkylsTk8aVBn6G1xZadSL0b5R3NgsYfQUVtV0g9slnOLNkgq0NLMAk0kWFs





Those vulnerabilities were reported to Facebook in 2014 and they have been patched.





Several other similar products 0-day vulnerabilities have been found by some other bug hunter researchers before. Facebook has patched some of them. “The Full Disclosure mailing list is a public forum for detailed discussion of vulnerabilities and exploitation techniques, as well as tools, papers, news, and events of interest to the community. FD differs from other security lists in its open nature and support for researchers’ right to decide how to disclose their own discovered bugs. The full disclosure movement has been credited with forcing vendors to better secure their products and to publicly acknowledge and fix flaws rather than hide them. Vendor legal intimidation and censorship attempts are not tolerated here!” All the fllowing web securities have been published here, Buffer overflow, HTTP Response Splitting (CRLF), CMD Injection, SQL injection, Phishing, Cross-site scripting, CSRF, Cyber-attack, Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards, Information Leakage, Denial of Service, File Inclusion, Weak Encryption, Privilege Escalation, Directory Traversal, HTML Injection, Spam. Large number of Facebook bugs were published here. FD also publishes suggestions, advisories, solutions details related to Open Redirect vulnerabilities and cyber intelligence recommendations.








(4) Amazon Covert Redirect Security Vulnerability Based on Facebook

Since Facebook is trusted by large numbers of other websites. Those vulnerabilities can be used to do “Covert Redirect” to other websites such as Amazon.


Domain:
http://www.amazon.com


“American electronic commerce company with headquarters in Seattle, Washington. It is the largest Internet-based retailer in the United States. Amazon.com started as an online bookstore, but soon diversified, selling DVDs, Blu-rays, CDs, video downloads/streaming, MP3 downloads/streaming, software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, toys and jewelry. The company also produces consumer electronics—notably, Amazon Kindle e-book readers, Fire tablets, Fire TV and Fire Phone — and is a major provider of cloud computing services. Amazon also sells certain low-end products like USB cables under its inhouse brand AmazonBasics. Amazon has separate retail websites for United States, United Kingdom & Ireland, France, Canada, Germany, The Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Australia, Brazil, Japan, China, India and Mexico. Amazon also offers international shipping to certain other countries for some of its products. In 2011, it had professed an intention to launch its websites in Poland and Sweden.” (Wikipedia)

 

 

The vulnerability exists at “redirect.html?” page with “&location” parameter, e.g.

 

(4.1) When a user is redirected from Amazon to another site, Amazon will check parameters “&token”. If the redirected URL’s domain is OK, Amazon will allow the reidrection.

However, if the URLs in a redirected domain have open URL redirection vulnerabilities themselves, a user could be redirected from Amazon to a vulnerable URL in that domain first and later be redirected from this vulnerable site to a malicious site. This is as if being redirected from Amazon directly.

One of the vulnerable domain is,
http://www.facebook.com

 

(4.2) Use one of webpages for the following tests. The webpage address is “http://www.inzeed.com/kaleidoscope“. Suppose it is malicious.

Vulnerable URL:

POC:

 

 

 

 

 

Related Articles:
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Jan/22
http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.security.fulldisclosure/1428
http://lists.openwall.net/full-disclosure/2015/01/12/1
http://marc.info/?l=full-disclosure&m=142104333521454&w=4
http://diebiyi.com/articles/security/facebook-open-redirect/
https://www.facebook.com/essaybeans/posts/570476126427191
http://germancast.blogspot.de/2015/06/facebook-web-security-0day-bug.html
https://mathfas.wordpress.com/2015/01/11/facebook-open-redirect/
http://essaybeans.lofter.com/post/1cc77d20_7300027
http://qianqiuxue.tumblr.com/post/120750458855/itinfotech-facebook-web-security-0day-bug
https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=472994806188548&id=405943696226993
https://mathfas.wordpress.com/2015/01/11/facebook-open-redirect/
http://www.tetraph.com/blog/phishing/facebook-open-redirect/
http://itinfotech.tumblr.com/post/120750347586/facebook-web-security-0day-bug
http://ittechnology.lofter.com/post/1cfbf60d_72fd108
http://russiapost.blogspot.ru/2015/06/facebook-web-security-0day-bug.html
https://twitter.com/tetraphibious/status/606676645265567744
https://plus.google.com/u/0/110001022997295385049/posts/hb6seddG561
http://whitehatpost.blog.163.com/blog/static/24223205420155501020837/
http://www.inzeed.com/kaleidoscope/computer-security/facebook-open-redirect/







Amazon Covert Redirect Bug Based on Kindle Daily Post, Omnivoracious, Car Lust

Posted on by ITMATHFAN

Anonymous-hackers

 

Amazon Covert Redirect Bug Based on Kindle Daily Post, Omnivoracious, Car Lust

— Amazon Covert Redirect Based on Kindle Daily Post, Omnivoracious, Car Lust & kindlepost.com omnivoracious.com carlustblog.com Open Redirect Web Security Vulnerabilities

“Amazon.com, Inc. (/ˈæməzɒn/ or /ˈæməzən/) is an American electronic commerce company with headquarters in Seattle, Washington. It is the largest Internet-based retailer in the United States. Amazon.com started as an online bookstore, but soon diversified, selling DVDs, Blu-rays, CDs, video downloads/streaming, MP3 downloads/streaming, software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, toys and jewelry. The company also produces consumer electronics—notably, Amazon Kindle e-book readers, Fire tablets, Fire TV and Fire Phone — and is a major provider of cloud computing services. Amazon also sells certain low-end products like USB cables under its inhouse brand AmazonBasics. Amazon has separate retail websites for United States, United Kingdom & Ireland, France, Canada, Germany, The Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Australia, Brazil, Japan, China, India and Mexico. Amazon also offers international shipping to certain other countries for some of its products. In 2011, it had professed an intention to launch its websites in Poland and Sweden.” (Wikipedia)

 

All kindlepost.com, omnivoracious.com, carlustblog.com are websites belonging to Amazon.

“The Kindle Post keeps Kindle customers up-to-date on the latest Kindle news and information and passes along fun reading recommendations, author interviews, and more.”

“Omnivoracious is a blog run by the books editors at Amazon.com. We aim to share our passion for the written word through news, reviews, interviews, and more. This is our space to talk books and publishing frankly and we welcome participation through comments. Please visit often or add us to your favorite RSS reader to keep up on the latest information.”

“Car Lust is, very simply, where interesting cars meet irrational emotion. It’s a deeply personal exploration of the hidden gems of the automotive world; a twisted look into a car nut’s mind; and a quirky look at the broader automotive universe – a broader universe that lies beneath the new, the flashy, and the trendy represented in the car magazines.”

 

 

Discover and Reporter:
Wang Jing, Division of Mathematical Sciences (MAS), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. (@justqdjing)

Vulnerabilities Description:

Amazon has a computer bug security problem. Both Amazon itself and its websites are vulnerable to different kind of attacks. This allows hackers to do phishing attacks to Amazon users.

 

When a user is redirected from amazon to another site, amazon will check a variable named “token”. Every redirected website will be given one token. This idea is OK. However, all URLs related to the redirected website use the same token. This means if the authenticated site itself has Open Redirect vulnerabilities. Then victims can be redirected to any site from Amazon.

 

The program code flaw can be attacked without user login. Tests were performed on Microsoft IE (9 9.0.8112.16421) of Windows 7, Mozilla Firefox (37.0.2) & Google Chromium 42.0.2311 (64-bit) of Ubuntu (14.04.2)，Apple Safari 6.1.6 of Mac OS X v10.9 Mavericks.

Use a website for the following tests. The website is “http://www.diebiyi.com/articles“. Suppose this website is malicious,

 

 


(1) Kindle Daily Post Open Redirect & Amazon Covert Redirect Based on kindlepost.com

(1.1) Kindle Daily Post Open Redirect Security Vulnerability

Vulnerable Links:

Poc:

 

 

(1.2) Amazon Covert Redirect Based on kindlepost.com

Vulnerable URL of Amazon:

POC:

 

 

kindlepost_com

 

 

 

(2) Omnivoracious Open Redirect & Amazon Covert Redirect Based on omnivoracious.com

(2.1) Omnivoracious Open Redirect Security Vulnerability

Vulnerable Links:

POC:

 

 

(2.2) Amazon Covert Redirect Based on omnivoracious.com

Vulnerable URL:

POC:

 

 

omnivoracious_com

 

 

 

(3) Car Lust Open Redirect & Amazon Covert Redirect Based on carlustblog.com

(3.1) Car Lust Open Redirect Security Vulnerability

Vulnerable Links:

POC:

 

 

(3.2) Amazon Covert Redirect Based on carlustblog.com

Vulnerable URL:

POC:

 

 

carlustblog_com

 

 

 

Vulnerabilities Disclosure:

The vulnerabilities were reported to Amazon in 2014. Amazon has patch the vulnerabilities.

 

 

 

 

Related Articles:
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Jan/23
http://lists.openwall.net/full-disclosure/2015/01/12/2
http://www.tetraph.com/blog/computer-security/amazon-covert-redirect/
https://progressive-comp.com/?l=full-disclosure&m=142104346821481&w=1
http://computerobsess.blogspot.com/2015/06/amazon-covert-redirect_17.html
http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.security.fulldisclosure/1429
http://tetraph.blog.163.com/blog/static/23460305120155176411897/
http://diebiyi.com/articles/security/amazon-covert-redirect/
https://itswift.wordpress.com/2015/01/17/amazon-covert-redirect/
http://marc.info/?l=full-disclosure&m=142104346821481&w=4
http://securityrelated.blogspot.com/2015/01/amazon-covert-redirec
http://www.inzeed.com/kaleidoscope/computer-web-security/amazon-covert-redirect/

Yahoo Yahoo.com Yahoo.co.jp Open Redirect (Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards) Web Security Bugs

Posted on by ITMATHFAN

yahoo_1

 

Yahoo Yahoo.com Yahoo.co.jp Open Redirect (Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards) Web Security Bugs

 

Though Yahoo lists open redirect vulnerability on its bug bounty program. However, it seems Yahoo do not take this vulnerability seriously at all.

 

Multiple Open Redirect vulnerabilities were reported Yahoo. All Yahoo’s responses were “It is working as designed”. However, these vulnerabilities were patched later.

 

Several other security researcher complained about getting similar treatment, too.
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2014/Jan/51
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2014/Feb/119

 

All Open Redirect Vulnerabilities are intended behavior? If so, why patch them later?

yahoo_wont_fix_meitu_1

 


From report of CNET, Yahoo’s users were attacked by redirection vulnerabilities. “Yahoo.com visitors over the last few days may have been served with malware via the Yahoo ad network, according to Fox IT, a security firm in the Netherlands. Users visiting pages with the malicious ads were redirected to sites armed with code that exploits vulnerabilities in Java and installs a variety of different malware. ”
http://www.cnet.com/news/yahoo-users-exposed-to-malware-attack/

 

Moreover, since Yahoo is well-known worldwide. these vulnerabilities can be used to attack other companies such as Google, eBay, The New York Times, Amazon, Godaddy, Alibaba, Netease, e.g. by bypassing their Open Redirect filters (Covert Redirect). These cyber security bug problems have not been patched. Other similar web and computer flaws will be published in the near future.

 

The vulnerabilities can be attacked without user login. Tests were performed on Microsoft IE (10.0.9200.16750) of Windows 8, Mozilla Firefox (34.0) & Google Chromium 39.0.2171.65-0 ubuntu0.14.04.1.1064 (64-bit) of Ubuntu (14.04)，Apple Safari 6.1.6 of Mac OS X Lion 10.7.

 

Disclosed by:
Jing Wang, Division of Mathematical Sciences (MAS), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. (@justqdjing)
http://www.tetraph.com/wangjing

 

Both Yahoo and Yahoo Japan online web application has a computer cyber security bug problem. It can be exploited by Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards (URL Redirection) attacks. This could allow a user to create a specially crafted URL, that if clicked, would redirect a victim from the intended legitimate web site to an arbitrary web site of the attacker’s choosing. Such attacks are useful as the crafted URL initially appear to be a web page of a trusted site. This could be leveraged to direct an unsuspecting user to a web page containing attacks that target client side software such as a web browser or document rendering programs.

 

BugTraq is a full disclosure moderated mailing list for the *detailed* discussion and announcement of computer security vulnerabilities: what they are, how to exploit them, and how to fix them. The below things be posted to the Bugtraq list: (a) Information on computer or network related security vulnerabilities (UNIX, Windows NT, or any other). (b) Exploit programs, scripts or detailed processes about the above. (c) Patches, workarounds, fixes. (d) Announcements, advisories or warnings. (e) Ideas, future plans or current works dealing with computer/network security. (f) Information material regarding vendor contacts and procedures. (g) Individual experiences in dealing with above vendors or security organizations. (h) Incident advisories or informational reporting. (i) New or updated security tools. A large number of the fllowing web securities have been published here, Injection, Broken Authentication and Session Management, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), Insecure Direct Object References, Security Misconfiguration, Sensitive Data Exposure, Missing Function Level Access Control, Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities, Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards. It also publishes suggestions, advisories, solutions details related to Open Redirect vulnerabilities and cyber intelligence recommendations.

 

 

(1) Yahoo.com Open Redirect

 

Domain:
yahoo.com

 

“Yahoo Inc. (styled as Yahoo!) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. It is globally known for its Web portal, search engine Yahoo Search, and related services, including Yahoo Directory, Yahoo Mail, Yahoo News, Yahoo Finance, Yahoo Groups, Yahoo Answers, advertising, online mapping, video sharing, fantasy sports and its social media website. It is one of the most popular sites in the United States. According to news sources, roughly 700 million people visit Yahoo websites every month. Yahoo itself claims it attracts more than half a billion consumers every month in more than 30 languages. Yahoo was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 1, 1995. Marissa Mayer, a former Google executive, serves as CEO and President of the company.” (Wikipedia)

 

Vulnerable URLs:

 

 

(2) Yahoo.co.jp Open Redirect

 

Domain:
yahoo.co.jp

 

“Yahoo! JAPAN Corporation (ヤフージャパン株式会社 Yafū Japan Kabushiki-gaisha?) is a Japanese internet company formed as a joint venture between the American internet company Yahoo! and the Japanese internet company SoftBank. It is headquartered at Midtown Tower in the Tokyo Midtown complex in Akasaka, Minato, Tokyo. Yahoo! Japan was listed on JASDAQ in November 1997. In January 2000, it became the first stock in Japanese history to trade for more than ¥100 million per share. The company was listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in October 2003 and became part of the Nikkei 225 stock market index in 2005. Yahoo! Japan acquired the naming rights for the Fukuoka Dome in 2005, renaming the dome as the “Fukuoka Yahoo! Japan Dome”. The “Yahoo Dome” is the home field for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, a professional baseball team majority owned by SoftBank.” (Wikipedia)

Use one of webpages for the following tests. The webpage address is “http://itinfotech.tumblr.com/“. Suppose that this webpage is malicious.

 

Vulnerable URL:

POC:

 

 

 

 

More Articles:
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2014/Dec/88
http://marc.info/?l=full-disclosure&m=141897158416178&w=4
https://www.mail-archive.com/fulldisclosure%40seclists.org/msg01467.html
http://securityrelated.blogspot.com/2014/12/yahoo-yahoocom-yahoocojp-open-redirect.html
https://hackertopic.wordpress.com/2015/01/15/yahoo-yahoo-japan-vulnerable-to-spams/
https://plus.google.com/110001022997295385049/posts/4GTENtJY9XE
https://twitter.com/justqdjing/status/546910373169741825
https://www.facebook.com/pcwebsecurities/posts/701648936647693
http://homehut.lofter.com/post/1d226c81_6e6884f
https://tetraph.wordpress.com/2014/12/28/yahoo-open-redirect/
http://itinfotech.tumblr.com/post/118511508076/securitypost-yahooyahoo-japan-may-be
https://computerpitch.wordpress.com/2015/01/27/yahoo-vulnerable-to-spams/
http://testingcode.lofter.com/post/1cd26eb9_73096b9
http://lifegrey.tumblr.com/post/120767572004/yahoo-url-redirection-bug
http://blog.163.com/greensun_2006/blog/static/1112211220155565419870/
http://aibiyi.blogspot.com/2015/06/yahoo-open-redirect.html
https://www.facebook.com/tetraph/posts/1659455054274454
http://www.inzeed.com/kaleidoscope/computer-web-security/yahoo-to-spams/
http://www.tetraph.com/blog/spamming/yahoo-url-redirection/

 

 

 

 

 

OAuthとOpenIDに深刻な脆弱性か–Facebookなど大手サイトに影響も

Posted on by ITMATHFAN

OAuthとOpenIDに深刻な脆弱性か–Facebookなど大手サイトに影響も

 

 

OpenSSLの脆弱性「Heartbleed」に続き、人気のオープンソースセキュリティソフトウェアでまた1つ大きな脆弱性が見つかった。今回、脆弱性が見つかったのはログインツールの「OAuth」と「OpenID」で、これらのツールは多数のウェブサイトと、Google、Facebook、Microsoft、LinkedInといったテクノロジ大手に使われている。

 

computers_geek_nerd_binary_com_2560x1600_wallpaperfo.com

 

シンガポールにあるNanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）で学ぶ博士課程の学生Wang Jing氏は、「Covert Redirect」という深刻な脆弱性によって、影響を受けるサイトのドメイン上でログイン用ポップアップ画面を偽装できることを発見した。Covert Redirectは、既知のエクスプロイトパラメータに基づいている。

 

たとえば、悪意あるフィッシングリンクをクリックすると、Facebook内でポップアップウィンドウが開き、アプリを許可するよう求められる。 Covert Redirect脆弱性の場合、本物に似た偽ドメイン名を使ってユーザーをだますのではなく、本物のサイトアドレスを使って許可を求める。

 

http://www.asahi.com/tech_science/cnet/CCNET35047497.html

Сингапурский студент обнаружил серьезную уязвимость в OAuth и OpenID

Posted on by ITMATHFAN

OAuth и OpenID — очень популярные протоколы, которые совместно используются для авторизации и аутентификации. Приложение OAuth генерирует токены для клиентов, а OpenID предоставляет возможность децентрализованной аутентификации на сторонних сайтах, раскрывая персональные данные пользователей.


Студент Ван Цзин (Wang Jing) с факультета математики Наньянского технологического университета в Сингапуре нашел способ, как злоумышленник может перехватить персональные данные пользователей, перенаправив их на вредоносный сайт после авторизации. Речь идет об уязвимости типа скрытого редиректа (covert redirect), по аналогии с известной атакой open redirect.



covert_redirect1



В этом случае провайдер (Facebook, Google и проч.) видит, что информацию запрашивает нормальное приложение, но на самом деле пользователя скрыто направляют на другой сайт, заменив значение redirect_uri в URL.



covert_redirect2



Уязвимость затрагивает множество крупных сайтов, такие как Facebook, Google, Yahoo, LinkedIn, Microsoft, VK, Mail.Ru, PayPal, GitHub и другие. Все они выдают по запросу злоумышленника персональные данные пользователя. В случае Facebook это может быть имя, фамилия, почтовый адрес, возраст, место жительства, место работы и проч.




covert_redirect3



Кстати, open redirect входит в число 10 главных атак за 2013 год по версии OWASP.


Ван Цзин опубликовал видеоролик, в котором показывает способ эксплуатации уязвимости, на примере Facebook OAuth 2.0. По его словам, защититься от таких атак можно только с помощью «белого списка» сайтов для редиректа.


источник:
http://xakep.ru/62448/




 

 

Une faille dans l’intégration d’OAuth 2.0 et OpenID touche les acteurs du web

Posted on by ITMATHFAN
Un chercheur a trouvé une faille dans les spécifications des protocoles de sécurité OAuth 2.0 et OpenID qui affecte les grands acteurs du web. Les spécialistes écartent un parallèle avec la faille Heartbleed.



Facebook Hacker received reward for Remote code execution vulnerability


Depuis la découverte de la faille Heartbleed, le monde du web se penche sur la fiabilité et la sécurisation de certaines solutions Open Source, notamment dans le domaine de la sécurité des communications. Dans la loi des séries, un chercheur vient de découvrir une vulnérabilité dans la mise en place de deux protocoles d’authentification OAuth 2.0 et OpenID, utilisés par de nombreux acteurs du web. Ces deux protocoles permettent l’authentification d’un site web utilisant l’API sécurisée d’une autre application ou via des vérifications de jeton sur un serveur. Ainsi, l’utilisateur peut depuis son compte Facebook avoir accès à des services d’autres sites web sans avoir besoin de s’identifier à nouveau.


Récupérer des informations sensibles:
Wang Jing, doctorant l’Université technologique de Nanyang à Singapour, explique dans une page web que cette faille touche plusieurs grands sites comme Facebook, Google, Linkedin ou Microsoft (principalement la plateforme Live). La vulnérabilité facilite une attaque connue sous le nom « Covert ReDirect » (redirection secrète) qui donne son nom à la faille découverte. L’objectif est d’orienter l’utilisateur vers un site malveillant et de lui présenter une fenêtre avec un module d’authentification ressemblant aux sites connus (Facebook, Linkedin, etc.) pour récupérer ses identifiants et ensuite s’en servir sur d’autres sites. Wang Jing explique qu’ OAuth et OpenID ne parviennent pas à vérifier correctement les URL. « En donnant une autorisation avec d’importants privilèges, l’attaquant peut obtenir des informations plus sensibles comme les messages de la boîte mail, la liste de contacts et leur présence en ligne et même gérer le compte», constate l’universitaire chinois.

 

Une solution : la liste blanche

Il indique dans son blog avoir trouvé la vulnérabilité en février dernier avant de la signaler aux différents acteurs. Il admet que le travail sur un patch « est plus facile à dire qu’à faire ». Pour autant, il existe une solution avec la mise en place d’une liste blanche où des sites tiers doivent s’enregistrer s’ils veulent que les utilisateurs puissent interagir avec leurs API. Cette solution a été intégrée par Linkedin. Pour les autres sites sollicités par Wang Jing, Google lui a indiqué qu’il enquêtait sur le problème. Microsoft a identifié ce problème sur un site tiers. Yahoo n’a pour l’instant pas répondu à la notification du chercheur chinois.

 
 
 

Articles Liés:




 

하트블리드 이어 ‘오픈ID’와 ‘오쓰(OAuth)’서도 심각한 보안 결함

Posted on by ITMATHFAN

covert_redirect1


‘하트블리드(Heartbleed)’ 버그에 이어 가입자 인증 및 보안용 오픈소스 SW인 ‘오픈ID’와‘오쓰(OAuth)’에도 심각한 결함이 발견됐다고 씨넷, 벤처비트 등 매체들이 보도했다.

 

싱 가폴난양대학교에 재학중인 ‘왕 징(Wang Jing)’ 박사는 수 많은 웹사이트와 구글, 페이스북, 링크드인, MS, 페이팔 등에서 사용하고 있는 로그인 툴인 ‘OAuth’와‘오픈ID’에 치명적인 결함이 발견됐다고 밝혔다. ‘코버트리디렉트(Covert Redirect)’라고 일컬어지는 이 결함은 감염된 도메인의 로그인 팝업을 통해 해킹이 이뤄진다.

 

가 령 인터넷 사용자들이 악의적인 피싱 사이트를 클릭하면 가입자 인증을 위해 페이스북 팝업 윈도가 뜨는데 가입자를 속이 기위해 가짜 도메인 이름을 사용하는 것이 아니라 진짜 사이트의 도메인을 활용한다고 한다. 만일 가입자가 로그인을 하면 합법적인 사이트가 아니라 피싱사이트로 e메일 주소, 생일, 연락처 등 개인 정보들이 흘러들어간다.

 

왕 은 페이스북 등 업체에 이 같은 결함을 알렸으며 페이스북은 결함이 OAuth 2.0가 연관된 것으로 인식하고 있지만 짧은 시간내 해결될 수는 없을 것이란 답을 얻은 것으로 알려졌다. 왕은 이번 결함이 구글, 링크드인, 마이크로소프트, 페이스북, 페이팔 등 다수의 오픈ID와 OAuth를 활용하는 기업들이 영향을 받을 것으로 예상했다.

 

왕 은 “제3의 애플리케이션 개발자들이 화이트리스트를 엄격하게 적용하면 해커 공격의 빌미를 제공하지 않을 것”이라고 말했다. 하지만 “실제로 많은 애플리케이션 개발자들이 여러가지 이유로 이런 조치를 취하지않고 있다는 게 OAuth 2.0과 오픈ID의 결함 문제를 심각하게 만들고 있다”고 덧붙였다.

 

 



 

Falha de segurança afeta logins de Facebook, Google e Microsoft

Posted on by ITMATHFAN

covert_redirect3

Um estudante de PHD de Singapura, Wang Jing, identificou a falha, chamada de “Covert Redirect”, que consegue usar domínios reais de sites para verificação de páginas de login falsas, enganando os internautas.

 

Os cibercriminosos podem criar links maliciosos para abrir janelas pop-up do Facebook pedindo que o tal aplicativo seja autorizado. Caso seja realizada esta sincronização, os dados pessoais dos usuários serão passados para os hackers.

 

Wang afirma que já entrou em contato com o Facebook, porém recebeu uma resposta de que “entende os riscos de estar associado ao OAuth 2.0″ e que corrigir a falha “é algo que não pode ser feito por enquanto”.

 

O Google afirmou que o problema está sendo rastreado, o LinkedIn publicou nota em que garante que já tomou medidas para evitar que a falha seja explorada, e a Microsoft negou que houvesse vulnerabilidade em suas páginas, apenas nas de terceiros.

 

A recomendação do descobridor da falha para os internautas é que evitem fazer o login com dados de confirmação de Facebook, Google ou qualquer outro serviço sem terem total certeza de que estão em um ambiente seguro.

 

 

Especialistas: erro é difícil de corrigir

O site CNET ouviu dois especialistas em segurança virtual sobre o assunto. Segundo Jeremiah Grossman, fundador e CEO interino da WhiteHat Security, afirma que a falha “não é fácil de corrigir”. Segundo Chris Wysopal, diretor da Veracode, a falha pode enganar muita gente.

 

“A confiança que os usuários dão ao Facebook e outros serviços que usam OAuth pode tornar mais fácil para os hackers enganarem as pessoas para que elas acabem dando suas informações pessoais a ele”, afirma Wsyopal.

 

 

 

notícias relacionadas:

Google DoubleClick.net(Advertising) System URL Redirection Vulnerabilities Can be Used by Spammers

Posted on by ITMATHFAN

google

 

Google DoubleClick.net (Advertising) System URL Redirection Vulnerabilities Could Be Used by Spammers

 

Although Google does not include Open Redirect vulnerabilities in its bug bounty program, its preventive measures against Open Redirect attacks have been quite thorough and effective to date.

 

However, Google might have overlooked the security of its DoubleClick.net ​advertising system. After some test, it is found that most of the redirection URLs within DoubleClick.net are vulnerable to Open Redirect vulnerabilities. Many redirection are likely to be affected. This could allow a user to create a specially crafted URL, that if clicked, would redirect a victim from the intended legitimate web site to an arbitrary web site of the attacker’s choosing. Such attacks are useful as the crafted URL initially appear to be a web page of a trusted site. This could be leveraged to direct an unsuspecting user to a web page containing attacks that target client side software such as a web browser or document rendering programs.

 

These redirections can be easily used by spammers, too.

 

Some URLs belong to Googleads.g.Doubleclick.net are vulnerable to Open Redirect attacks, too. While Google prevents similar URL redirections other than Googleads.g.Doubleclick.net. Attackers can use URLs related to Google Account to make the attacks more powerful.

 

Moreover, these vulnerabilities can be used to attack other companies such as Google, eBay, The New York Times, Amazon, Godaddy, Yahoo, Netease, e.g. by bypassing their Open Redirect filters (Covert Redirect). These cyber security security bug problems have not been patched. Other similar web and computer attacks will be published in the near future.

 

 

Discover and Reporter:
Jing Wang, Division of Mathematical Sciences (MAS), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. (@justqdjing)
http://www.tetraph.com/wangjing/

 

 

 

(1) Background Related to Google DoubleClick.net.

(1.1) What is DoubleClick.net?

“DoubleClick is a subsidiary of Google which develops and provides Internet ad serving services. Its clients include agencies, marketers (Universal McCann, AKQA etc.) and publishers who serve customers like Microsoft, General Motors, Coca-Cola, Motorola, L’Oréal, Palm, Inc., Apple Inc., Visa USA, Nike, Carlsberg among others. DoubleClick’s headquarters is in New York City, United States.

 

DoubleClick was founded in 1996 by Kevin O’Connor and Dwight Merriman. It was formerly listed as “DCLK” on the NASDAQ, and was purchased by private equity firms Hellman & Friedman and JMI Equity in July 2005. In March 2008, Google acquired DoubleClick for US$3.1 billion. Unlike many other dot-com companies, it survived the dot-com bubble and focuses on uploading ads and reporting their performance.” (Wikipedia)

 

(1.2) Reports Related to Google DoubleClick.net Used by Spammers

(1.2.1)

Google DoublClick.net has been used by spammers for long time. The following is a report in 2008.

 

“The open redirect had become popular with spammers trying to lure users into clicking their links, as they could be made to look like safe URLs within Google’s domain.”
https://www.virusbtn.com/blog/2008/06_03a.xml?comments

 

(1.2.2)

Mitechmate published a blog related to DoubleClick.net spams in 2014.

 

“Ad.doubleclick.net is recognized as a perilous adware application that causes unwanted redirections when surfing on the certain webpages. Actually it is another browser hijacker that aims to distribute frauds to make money.Commonly people pick up Ad.doubleclick virus when download softwares, browse porn site or read spam email attachments. It enters into computer sneakily after using computer insecurely.Ad.doubleclick.net is not just annoying, this malware traces users’ personal information, which would be utilized for cyber criminal.”
http://blog.mitechmate.com/remove-ad-doubleclick-net-redirect-virus/

 

(1.2.3)

Malwarebytes posted a news related to DoubleClick.net malvertising in 2014.

 

 

(2) DoubleClick.net System URL Redirection Vulnerabilities Details.

The vulnerabilities can be attacked without user login. Tests were performed on Microsoft IE (10.0.9200.16750) of Windows 8, Mozilla Firefox (34.0) & Google Chromium 39.0.2171.65-0 ubuntu0.14.04.1.1064 (64-bit) of Ubuntu (14.04)，Apple Safari 6.1.6 of Mac OS X Lion 10.7.

 

Used webpages for the following tests. The webpage address is “http://securitypost.tumblr.com/“. We can suppose that this webpage is malicious.

 

 

(2.1) Vulnerable URLs Related to Googleads.g.Doubleclick.net.

(2.1.1)

Some URLs belong to googleads.g.doubleclick.net are vulnerable to Open Redirect attacks. While Google prevents similar URL redirection other than googleads.g.doubleclick.net.

 

Vulnerable URLs:

 

POC:

 

Attackers can make use of the following URLs to make the attacks more powerful, i.e.

 

POC:

 

 

(2.1.2)

While Google prevents similar URL redirection other than googleads.g.doubleclick.net , e.g.

 

 

 

(2.2) Vulnerable URLs Related to DoubleClick.net.

Vulnerable URLs 1:

 

POC:

 

Vulnerable URLs 2:

 

POC:

 

Vulnerable URLs 3:

 

POC:

 

…

 

We can see that Google DoubleClick.net has Open Redirect vulnerabilities and could be misused by spammers.

 

 

 

(2.3)

 

Several other similar products 0-day vulnerabilities have been found by some other bug hunter researchers before. Google has patched some of them. BugTraq is a full disclosure moderated mailing list for the *detailed* discussion and announcement of computer security vulnerabilities: what they are, how to exploit them, and how to fix them. The below things be posted to the Bugtraq list: (a) Information on computer or network related security vulnerabilities (UNIX, Windows NT, or any other). (b) Exploit programs, scripts or detailed processes about the above. (c) Patches, workarounds, fixes. (d) Announcements, advisories or warnings. (e) Ideas, future plans or current works dealing with computer/network security. (f) Information material regarding vendor contacts and procedures. (g) Individual experiences in dealing with above vendors or security organizations. (h) Incident advisories or informational reporting. (i) New or updated security tools. A large number of the fllowing web securities have been published here, Buffer overflow, HTTP Response Splitting (CRLF), CMD Injection, SQL injection, Phishing, Cross-site scripting, CSRF, Cyber-attack, Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards, Information Leakage, Denial of Service, File Inclusion, Weak Encryption, Privilege Escalation, Directory Traversal, HTML Injection, Spam. It also publishes suggestions, advisories, solutions details related to Open Redirect vulnerabilities and cyber intelligence recommendations.

 

 

 

(3) Google DoubleClick.net Can Adversely Affect Other Websites.

At the same time, Google DoubleClick.net can be used to do “Covert Redirect” to other websites, such as Google, eBay, The New York Times, etc.(Bypass other websites’ Open Redirect filters)

 

 

(3.1) Google Covert Redirect Vulnerability Based on Googleads.g.doubleclick.net

Domain:
google.com

 

“Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, and software. Most of its profits are derived from AdWords, an online advertising service that places advertising near the list of search results. Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University. Together they own about 14 percent of its shares but control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock. They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. An initial public offering followed on August 19, 2004. Its mission statement from the outset was “to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful,” and its unofficial slogan was “Don’t be evil”. In 2004, Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View, California, nicknamed the Googleplex. The corporation has been estimated to run more than one million servers in data centers around the world (as of 2007). It processes over one billion search requests and about 24 petabytes of user-generated data each day (as of 2009). In December 2013, Alexa listed google.com as the most visited website in the world. Numerous Google sites in other languages figure in the top one hundred, as do several other Google-owned sites such as YouTube and Blogger. Its market dominance has led to prominent media coverage, including criticism of the company over issues such as search neutrality, copyright, censorship, and privacy.” (Wikipedia)

 

Vulnerable URL:

 

POC:

 

More Details:

 

 

(3.2) eBay Covert Redirect Vulnerability Based on Googleads.g.doubleclick.net

Domain:
ebay.com

 

“eBay Inc. (stylized as ebay) is an American multinational corporation and e-commerce company, providing consumer to consumer & business to consumer sales services via Internet. It is headquartered in San Jose, California, United States. eBay was founded by Pierre Omidyar in 1995, and became a notable success story of the dot-com bubble. Today, it is a multi-billion dollar business with operations localized in over thirty countries. The company manages eBay.com, an online auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods and services worldwide. In addition to its auction-style sales, the website has since expanded to include “Buy It Now” shopping; shopping by UPC, ISBN, or other kind of SKU (via Half.com); online classified advertisements (via Kijiji or eBay Classifieds); online event ticket trading (via StubHub); online money transfers (via PayPal) and other services. It is not a free website, but charges users an invoice fee when sellers have sold or listed any items.” (Wikipedia)

 

Vulnerable URL:

 

POC:

 

More Details:

 

 

(3.3) The New York Times (Nytimes.com) Covert Redirect Vulnerability Based on Google Doubleclick.net

Domain:
nytimes.com

 

“The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851, by the New York Times Company. It has won 114 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other news organization. The paper’s print version has the largest circulation of any metropolitan newspaper in the United States, and the second-largest circulation overall, behind The Wall Street Journal. It is ranked 39th in the world by circulation. Following industry trends, its weekday circulation has fallen to fewer than one million daily since 1990. Nicknamed for years as “The Gray Lady”, The New York Times is long regarded within the industry as a national “newspaper of record”. It is owned by The New York Times Company. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr., (whose family (Ochs-Sulzberger) has controlled the paper for five generations, since 1896), is both the paper’s publisher and the company’s chairman. Its international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the International New York Times.” (Wikipedia)

 

Vulnerable URL:

 

POC:

 

More Details:

 

These vulnerabilities were reported to Google earlier in 2014. But it seems that Google has yet taken any actions. All of the vulnerabilities are still not patched.

 

 

 

 

Related Posts:
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2014/Nov/28
https://cxsecurity.com/issue/WLB-2014110106
http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.security.fulldisclosure/1192
https://www.mail-archive.com/fulldisclosure%40seclists.org/msg01307.html
http://computerobsess.blogspot.com/2014/11/google-doubleclicknetadvertising-system.html=
http://www.techenet.com/2014/12/doubleclick-do-google-pode-ser-vulneravel-a-ataques/
https://computertechhut.wordpress.com/2014/11/12/google-doubleclick-spam/
http://mathpost.tumblr.com/post/120760828940/tetraph-google-doubleclick-net-advertising
http://tetraph.com/security/open-redirect/google-doubleclick-netadvertising-system
https://www.facebook.com/essayjeans/posts/838922772865543
https://plus.google.com/u/0/+essayjeans/posts/Y12x6gXfyFX
http://mathstopic.blogspot.com/2015/06/google-doubleclick-spam.html
http://itsecurity.lofter.com/post/1cfbf9e7_72fe79f
https://twitter.com/essayjeans/status/606726247578636288
http://tetraph.tumblr.com/post/120760676767/google-doubleclick-net-advertising-system-url
https://itinfotechnology.wordpress.com/2014/11/18/google-doubleclick-spam/
https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=945171075538075
http://guyuzui.lofter.com/post/1ccdcda4_7305f25
http://tetraph.blog.163.com/blog/static/23460305120155534216326/
http://www.inzeed.com/kaleidoscope/spamming/google-doubleclick-spam/

 

 

Odnoklassniki.ru (OK.RU) Online Website Covert Redirect Web Security Bugs Based on Google.com

Posted on by ITMATHFAN

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Odnoklassniki.ru (OK.RU) Online Website Covert Redirect Web Security Bugs Based on Google.com

 



(1) Domain:
Odnoklassniki.ru

 

“Odnoklassniki, OK.ru (Russian: Одноклассники -Classmates) is a social network service for classmates and old friends. It is popular in Russia and former Soviet Republicsz. The site was developed by Albert Popkov on March 4, 2006. The website currently claims that it has more than 200 million registered users and 45 million daily unique visitors. Users have to be at least seven years old to make an account. Odnoklassniki also currently has an Alexa Internet traffic ranking of 69 worldwide and 7 for Russia. Revenues in the first quarter of 2008 for Odnoklassniki amounted to $3.3 million. The site has been online for at least eight years. Compared with internet averages, Odnoklassniki.ru’s users tend to be under the age of 35, and they tend to be men earning less than $30,000 who have postgraduate educations and browse from home. The site is particularly popular among users in Kyrgyzstan (where it is ranked #4) and Armenia (#5).” (Wikipedia)

 

 

 

 

(2) Vulnerability Description:
Odnoklassniki.ru web application has a computer security problem. Hacker can exploit it by Covert Redirect cyber attacks.


The vulnerabilities can be attacked without user login. Tests were performed on Microsoft IE (10.0.9200.16750) of Windows 8, Mozilla Firefox (34.0) & Google Chromium 39.0.2171.65-0 ubuntu0.14.04.1.1064 (64-bit) of Ubuntu (14.04)，Apple Safari 6.1.6 of Mac OS X Lion 10.7.

 

 

 

The vulnerability occurs at “odnoklassniki.ru/dk?” page with “&st.link” parameter, i.e.
http://www.odnoklassniki.ru/dk?cmd=logExternal&st.cmd=logExternal&st.name=62335557910585&st.link=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogle.com

 

 

 

(2.1) When a user is redirected from Odnoklassniki.ru to another site, Odnoklassniki.ru will check whether the redirected URL belongs to domains Odnoklassniki.ru’s whitelist, e.g.
google.com

 

However, if the URLs in a redirected domain have open URL redirection vulnerabilities themselves, a user could be redirected from Odnoklassniki.ru to a vulnerable URL in that domain first and later be redirected from this vulnerable site to a malicious site. This is as if being redirected from Odnoklassniki.ru directly.

 

One of the vulnerable domain is,
google.com

 

 

 

(2.2) Use one of webpages for the following tests. The webpage address is “http://tetraphlike.lofter.com/“. Can suppose that this webpage is malicious.

 

Vulnerable URL:
http://www.odnoklassniki.ru/dk?cmd=logExternal&st.cmd=logExternal&st.name=62335557910585&st.link=http%3A%2F%2Fodnoklassniki.ru

 

 

POC:
http://www.odnoklassniki.ru/dk?cmd=logExternal&st.cmd=logExternal&st.name=62335557910585&st.link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Faccounts%2FLogout%3Fservice%3Dwise%26continue%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fgoogleads.g.doubleclick.net%252Faclk%253Fsa%253DL%2526ai%253DCtHoIVxn3UvjLOYGKiAeelIHIBfLQnccEAAAQASAAUNTx5Pf4_____wFgvwWCARdjYS1wdWItMDQ2NjU4MjEwOTU2NjUzMsgBBOACAKgDAaoE5AFP0NHr5cHwFmWgKNs6HNTPVk7TWSV-CDHX83dKdGSWJ2ADoZNIxUHZwjAODRyDY_7nVtpuqSLOTef4xzVxDQ2U22MNbGak33Ur7i2jDB8LdYt9TbC3ifsXmklY5jl3Zpq4_lP7wagVfjt0–tNPPGTR96NGbxgPvfHMq9ZsTXpjhc_lPlnyGjlWzF8yn437iaxhGRwYLt_CymifLO2YaJPkCm9nLpONtUM-mstUSpKQrP2VjjaZkbDtuK0naLLBV37aYEY4TzWQi8fQGN47z4XgpinBCna91zQayZjn2wxccDCl0zgBAGgBhU%2526num%253D0%2526sig%253DAOD64_3Qi4qG3CRVHRI5AHSkSGuL7HJqSA%2526client%253Dca-pub-0466582109566532%2526adurl%253Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.tetraph.com%252Fkaleidoscope.html

 

 

POC video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cf_-xPsYD-s

 


Blog Detail:
http://tetraph.blogspot.com/2014/05/odnoklassnikiru-covert-redirect.html







(3) What is Covert Redirect?

Covert Redirect is a class of security bugs disclosed in May 2014. It is an application that takes a parameter and redirects a user to the parameter value without sufficient validation. This often makes use of Open Redirect and XSS (Cross-site Scripting) vulnerabilities in third-party applications.

 

Covert Redirect is also related to single sign-on. It is known by its influence on OAuth and OpenID. Hacker may use it to steal users’ sensitive information. Almost all OAuth 2.0 and OpenID providers worldwide are affected. Covert Redirect can work together with CSRF (Cross-site Request Forgery) as well. After Covert Redirect was published, it is kept in some common databases such as SCIP, OSVDB, Bugtraq, and X-Force. Its scipID is 13185, while OSVDB reference number is 106567. Bugtraq ID: 67196. X-Force reference number is 93031.



Discover and Reporter:
Wang Jing, Division of Mathematical Sciences (MAS), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. (@justqdjing)
http://tetraph.com/wangjing/

 

 

 

 

More Details:
http://tetraph.com/security/covert-redirect/odnoklassniki-ru-covert-redirect-vulnerability-based-on-google/
http://securityrelated.blogspot.com/2014/10/odnoklassnikiru-covert-redirect.html
http://whitehatpost.lofter.com/post/1cc773c8_706b5e4
https://mathfas.wordpress.com/2014/10/15/odnoklassniki-ru-covert-redirect-vulnerability-based-on-google/
https://twitter.com/yangziyou/status/614327346808664064
http://ithut.tumblr.com/post/119494119203/securitypost
https://vulnerabilitypost.wordpress.com/2014/10/15/odnoklassniki-ru-covert-redirect-vulnerability-based-on-google/
http://tetraph.blog.163.com/blog/static/23460305120144511829839/
http://computerobsess.blogspot.com/2014/10/odnoklassnikiru-covert-redirect.html
http://www.inzeed.com/kaleidoscope/covert-redirect/odnoklassniki-ru-covert-redirect-vulnerability-based-on-google/

 

 

 

===========

 

 

 

 

 

Одноклассники (социальная сеть)

 

«Однокла́ссники» (OK.ru) — социальная сеть, принадлежащая Mail.Ru Group. Седьмой по популярности сайт в России, Казахстане и на Украине, 67-й — в мире. Проект запущен 4 марта 2006 года.

 

По данным собственной статистики сайта, на июль 2011 года зарегистрировано более ▲ 100 миллионов пользователей, на март 2012 года более ▲ 148 миллионов пользователей, а на 1 января 2013 года более ▲ 205 млн пользователей. Посещаемость сайта — ▲ более 44 миллионов посетителей в сутки. (ru.wikipedia)